Topic name -: Analysis of Selected Literary Term
Name – Khasatiya Reena K.
M.A. sem -2
Roll no. – 29
Paper no. 7- Literary Theory and Criticism2
Email id. – khasatiyamili21@gmail.com
Submitted to.- Department of English MKBU
Total words- 1,703
Plagiarism -
Selected literary terms:-
1. Modernism
2. Post modernism
3. New Criticism
4. Diaspora
5. Post colonical
6. Feminist Criticism
7. Psychoanalytical Criticism
8. New historicism
9. Eco Criticism
10. Queer theory
11. Structuralism
12. Alam kara school
13. Udbhata and Rudrata
14. Riti school
15. Dandi &Vaman
16. Vakrokti school
17. Kuntaka
18. Dhavani school
19. Anand vardhan
20. Auchitya school
• -* Explanation of five literary terms in detail:-
• Modernism:
The term modernism is widely used to identify new and distinctive
features in the subjects, forms, concepts, and styles of literature and the other arts in
the early decades of the present century, but especially after World War I (1914-18).
The specific features signified by "modernism" (or by the adjective modernist) vary with
the user, but many critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with some
of the traditional bases not only of Western art, but of Western culture in general.
• Important intellectual precursors of
modernism, in this sense, are thinkers who had questioned the certainties that had supported traditional modes of social organization, religion, and morality, and also traditional ways of conceiving the human self—thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and James G. Frazer,
whose The Golden Bough (1890-1915) stressed the correspondence between central Christian tenets and pagan, often barbaric, myths and rituals. Literary historians locate the beginning of the modernist revolt as far back as the
1890s, but most agree that what is called high modernism, marked by an
unexampled range and rapidity of change, came after the first World War.
Major works of modernist fiction, following Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and his even more radical Finnegan Wake (1939), subvert the basic conventions of earlier
prose fiction by breaking up the narrative continuity, departing from the standard ways of rep- resenting characters, and violating the traditional syntax and coherence of narrative language by the use of stream of consciousness and other innovative modes of narration. Gertrude Stein—often linked with Joyce, Pound, Eliot, and Woolf as a trail-blazing modernist—experimented with automatic writing(writing that has been freed from control by the conscious, purposive mind) and other modes that achieved their effects by violating the norms of standard English syntax and sentence structure.
• Among other European and American writers who are central representatives of
modernism are the novelists Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, André Gide, Franz Kafka,
Dorothy Richardson, and William Faulkner; the poets Stéphane Mallarmé, William Butler Yeats, Rainier Maria Rilke, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, and Wallace Stevens; and the dramatists August Strindberg, Luigi Pirandello, Eugene O'Neill, and Berthold Brecht.
• A prominent feature of modernism is the phenomenon called the avant-garde (a
military metaphor: "advance-guard"); that is, a small, self-conscious group of artists and
authors who deliberately undertake, in Ezra Pound's phrase, to "make it new." By
violating the accepted conventions and proprieties, not only of art but of social
discourse, they set out to create ever-new artistic forms and styles and to introduce
hitherto neglected, and sometimes forbidden, subject matter.
2) Post Modernism:-
• The term postmodernism is often applied to the literature and art after World War II
(1939-45), when the effects on Western morale of the first war were greatly exacerbated by the experience of Nazi totalitarianism and mass extermination, the threat of total destruction by the atomic bomb, the progressive devastation of the natural environment, and the ominous fact of over- population.
Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the counter traditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from modernist forms which had, in- evitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist "high art" by recourse to the models of
"mass culture" in film, television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music.
Many of the works of post- modern literature—by Jorge Luis Borges, Samuel Beckett, Vladimir
Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, Roland Barthes, and many others—so blend literary genres,
cultural and stylistic levels, the serious and the playful, that they resist classification
according to traditional literary rubrics. And these literary anomalies are paralleled in other arts by phenomena like pop art, op art, the musical compositions of John Cage, and the films of Jean-Luc Godard and other directors.
An undertaking in some postmodernist writings—prominently in Samuel Beckett
and other authors of the literature of the absurd—is to subvert the foundations
of our accepted modes of thought and experience so as to reveal the
meaninglessness of existence and the underlying "abyss," or "void," or
"nothingness" on which any supposed security is conceived to be precariously
suspended. Postmodernism in literature and the arts has parallels with the
movement known as poststructuralist in linguistic and literary theory;
poststructuralists undertake to subvert the foundations of language in order to
show that its seeming meaningfulness dissipates, for a rigorous inquirer, into a
play of conflicting indeterminacies, or else to show that all forms of cultural
discourse are manifestations of the ideology, or of the relations and constructions of power, in contemporary society.
3) Diaspora:-
• What is a Diaspora?
• Diaspora means “to scatter” in Greek, but today we use the term to describe a community of people who live outside their shared country of origin or ancestry but maintain active connections with it. A diaspora includes both emigrants and their descendants. While some people lose their attachment to their ancestral homeland, others maintain a strong connection
to a place which their ancestors may have left generations ago. Many Americans come from mixed heritage and therefore can claim membership in multiple diaspora communities.
• Many Diaspora groups are working to achieve greater impact and a stronger voice in matters that relate to their countries of origin. Diaspora communities make vital but often unrecognized contributions to the progress of their countries of heritage. They share goals with governments,
businesses, and NGOs, including:
• Broad-based economic growth;
• Thriving civil society;
• Widespread participation in good governance;
• Access to global markets for skills and financial capital;
• Robust trading partnerships;
• Growing participation in science, technology and communication innovations.
4) Psychoanalytical Criticism :-
• Psychological Criticism deals with a work of literature primarily as an expression, in an indirect and fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the individual author.This approach emerged in the early decades of the nineteenth century, as part of the romantic replacement of earlier mimetic and pragmatic views by an expressive view of the nature of literature.
• During the romantic period, we find widely practiced all three types of the critical procedure (still current today) that are based on the assumption that the details and form of a work of literature are correlated with its authors distinctive mental and emotional traits:o Reference to the author's personality in order to explain and interpret a literary work;
o Reference to literary works in order to establish, biographically, the personality
of the author, and The mode of reading a literary work specifically in order to experience the distinctive subjectivity, or consciousness, ofits author.we even find that john keble, in a series of Latin lectures On the Healing Power of Poetry published in 1844, but delivered more than ten years earlier proposed a thoroughgoing
proto-Freudian Literary Theory.
• Since the 1920s, a widespread type of psychological literary Criticism has come to be called PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM . Whose premises amd procedures were
established by sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
• The chief mechanisms that effect these disguises of unconscious wishes are:-
▪ Condensation,
▪ Displacement ,
▪ Symbolizes
• This outline of Freud's theory of art in 1920 was elaborated and refined, but not
radically altered, by later developments in his theory of mental structure, dynamics, and processes. Prominent among these developments was Freud's model of the mind as having three functional aspects: the ID (which incorporates libidinal and other innate desires), the SUPEREGO ( the binternalization of social standards of morality and proprietary), and the EGO.
Harold Blooms theory of the anxiety of influence specifically adapts to the
composition and reading of poetry, Freud's concepts of the Oedipus complex,
and of the distorting operation of defense mechanisms in dreams. A number of
feminist critics have attacked the male centered nature of Freud's theory
...especially evident in such crucial conceptions as the Oedipus complex and the notion of " penis envy " on the part of thr female child; but many feminist have
also adapted a revised version of Freudian concepts and mental mechanisms to
their analyses of the writing and reading of literary texts.
▪ Eco criticism:-
• Eco criticism was a term coined in the late 1970s by combining "Criticism" with a
shortened form of "ecology" -- the science that investigate the interrelations of all forms of plant and animal life with each other and with their physical habitats.
"Ecocriticism"(or by alternative names , Environmental Criticism and green studies)designates the critical writings that explore the relations between literature and the biological and physical environment, conducted with an acute awareness of the damage
being wrought on that environment by human activities.
• Representation of the natural environment are as old as recorded literature and were prominent in the account of the Garden of Eden in the Hebrew Bible, as well as in the
pastoral form inaugurated by the Greek Theocritus in the third century BC and later
imitated by the Roman poet Virgil - an idealized depiction of rural life, viewed as a
survival of the simplicity , peace, and harmony that had been lost by a complex and urban society.
The nostalgic view if a return to unspoiled nature in order to restore a list simplicity amd Concord remained evident in James Thomson'sThomson's long poem in blank verse. The seasons (1726-30) , and in the widely practiced gente called NATURE WRITING: the intimate, realistic, and detailed description in prose of the author. This literary form was largely initiated in England by Gilbert White's enormously popular Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789) -- his close and affectionate observations of wildlife and the natural setting in a particular area of rural England.
Name – Khasatiya Reena K.
M.A. sem -2
Roll no. – 29
Paper no. 7- Literary Theory and Criticism2
Email id. – khasatiyamili21@gmail.com
Submitted to.- Department of English MKBU
Total words- 1,703
Plagiarism -
Selected literary terms:-
1. Modernism
2. Post modernism
3. New Criticism
4. Diaspora
5. Post colonical
6. Feminist Criticism
7. Psychoanalytical Criticism
8. New historicism
9. Eco Criticism
10. Queer theory
11. Structuralism
12. Alam kara school
13. Udbhata and Rudrata
14. Riti school
15. Dandi &Vaman
16. Vakrokti school
17. Kuntaka
18. Dhavani school
19. Anand vardhan
20. Auchitya school
• -* Explanation of five literary terms in detail:-
• Modernism:
The term modernism is widely used to identify new and distinctive
features in the subjects, forms, concepts, and styles of literature and the other arts in
the early decades of the present century, but especially after World War I (1914-18).
The specific features signified by "modernism" (or by the adjective modernist) vary with
the user, but many critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with some
of the traditional bases not only of Western art, but of Western culture in general.
• Important intellectual precursors of
modernism, in this sense, are thinkers who had questioned the certainties that had supported traditional modes of social organization, religion, and morality, and also traditional ways of conceiving the human self—thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and James G. Frazer,
whose The Golden Bough (1890-1915) stressed the correspondence between central Christian tenets and pagan, often barbaric, myths and rituals. Literary historians locate the beginning of the modernist revolt as far back as the
1890s, but most agree that what is called high modernism, marked by an
unexampled range and rapidity of change, came after the first World War.
Major works of modernist fiction, following Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and his even more radical Finnegan Wake (1939), subvert the basic conventions of earlier
prose fiction by breaking up the narrative continuity, departing from the standard ways of rep- resenting characters, and violating the traditional syntax and coherence of narrative language by the use of stream of consciousness and other innovative modes of narration. Gertrude Stein—often linked with Joyce, Pound, Eliot, and Woolf as a trail-blazing modernist—experimented with automatic writing(writing that has been freed from control by the conscious, purposive mind) and other modes that achieved their effects by violating the norms of standard English syntax and sentence structure.
• Among other European and American writers who are central representatives of
modernism are the novelists Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, André Gide, Franz Kafka,
Dorothy Richardson, and William Faulkner; the poets Stéphane Mallarmé, William Butler Yeats, Rainier Maria Rilke, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, and Wallace Stevens; and the dramatists August Strindberg, Luigi Pirandello, Eugene O'Neill, and Berthold Brecht.
• A prominent feature of modernism is the phenomenon called the avant-garde (a
military metaphor: "advance-guard"); that is, a small, self-conscious group of artists and
authors who deliberately undertake, in Ezra Pound's phrase, to "make it new." By
violating the accepted conventions and proprieties, not only of art but of social
discourse, they set out to create ever-new artistic forms and styles and to introduce
hitherto neglected, and sometimes forbidden, subject matter.
2) Post Modernism:-
• The term postmodernism is often applied to the literature and art after World War II
(1939-45), when the effects on Western morale of the first war were greatly exacerbated by the experience of Nazi totalitarianism and mass extermination, the threat of total destruction by the atomic bomb, the progressive devastation of the natural environment, and the ominous fact of over- population.
Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the counter traditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from modernist forms which had, in- evitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist "high art" by recourse to the models of
"mass culture" in film, television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music.
Many of the works of post- modern literature—by Jorge Luis Borges, Samuel Beckett, Vladimir
Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, Roland Barthes, and many others—so blend literary genres,
cultural and stylistic levels, the serious and the playful, that they resist classification
according to traditional literary rubrics. And these literary anomalies are paralleled in other arts by phenomena like pop art, op art, the musical compositions of John Cage, and the films of Jean-Luc Godard and other directors.
An undertaking in some postmodernist writings—prominently in Samuel Beckett
and other authors of the literature of the absurd—is to subvert the foundations
of our accepted modes of thought and experience so as to reveal the
meaninglessness of existence and the underlying "abyss," or "void," or
"nothingness" on which any supposed security is conceived to be precariously
suspended. Postmodernism in literature and the arts has parallels with the
movement known as poststructuralist in linguistic and literary theory;
poststructuralists undertake to subvert the foundations of language in order to
show that its seeming meaningfulness dissipates, for a rigorous inquirer, into a
play of conflicting indeterminacies, or else to show that all forms of cultural
discourse are manifestations of the ideology, or of the relations and constructions of power, in contemporary society.
3) Diaspora:-
• What is a Diaspora?
• Diaspora means “to scatter” in Greek, but today we use the term to describe a community of people who live outside their shared country of origin or ancestry but maintain active connections with it. A diaspora includes both emigrants and their descendants. While some people lose their attachment to their ancestral homeland, others maintain a strong connection
to a place which their ancestors may have left generations ago. Many Americans come from mixed heritage and therefore can claim membership in multiple diaspora communities.
• Many Diaspora groups are working to achieve greater impact and a stronger voice in matters that relate to their countries of origin. Diaspora communities make vital but often unrecognized contributions to the progress of their countries of heritage. They share goals with governments,
businesses, and NGOs, including:
• Broad-based economic growth;
• Thriving civil society;
• Widespread participation in good governance;
• Access to global markets for skills and financial capital;
• Robust trading partnerships;
• Growing participation in science, technology and communication innovations.
4) Psychoanalytical Criticism :-
• Psychological Criticism deals with a work of literature primarily as an expression, in an indirect and fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the individual author.This approach emerged in the early decades of the nineteenth century, as part of the romantic replacement of earlier mimetic and pragmatic views by an expressive view of the nature of literature.
• During the romantic period, we find widely practiced all three types of the critical procedure (still current today) that are based on the assumption that the details and form of a work of literature are correlated with its authors distinctive mental and emotional traits:o Reference to the author's personality in order to explain and interpret a literary work;
o Reference to literary works in order to establish, biographically, the personality
of the author, and The mode of reading a literary work specifically in order to experience the distinctive subjectivity, or consciousness, ofits author.we even find that john keble, in a series of Latin lectures On the Healing Power of Poetry published in 1844, but delivered more than ten years earlier proposed a thoroughgoing
proto-Freudian Literary Theory.
• Since the 1920s, a widespread type of psychological literary Criticism has come to be called PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM . Whose premises amd procedures were
established by sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
• The chief mechanisms that effect these disguises of unconscious wishes are:-
▪ Condensation,
▪ Displacement ,
▪ Symbolizes
• This outline of Freud's theory of art in 1920 was elaborated and refined, but not
radically altered, by later developments in his theory of mental structure, dynamics, and processes. Prominent among these developments was Freud's model of the mind as having three functional aspects: the ID (which incorporates libidinal and other innate desires), the SUPEREGO ( the binternalization of social standards of morality and proprietary), and the EGO.
Harold Blooms theory of the anxiety of influence specifically adapts to the
composition and reading of poetry, Freud's concepts of the Oedipus complex,
and of the distorting operation of defense mechanisms in dreams. A number of
feminist critics have attacked the male centered nature of Freud's theory
...especially evident in such crucial conceptions as the Oedipus complex and the notion of " penis envy " on the part of thr female child; but many feminist have
also adapted a revised version of Freudian concepts and mental mechanisms to
their analyses of the writing and reading of literary texts.
▪ Eco criticism:-
• Eco criticism was a term coined in the late 1970s by combining "Criticism" with a
shortened form of "ecology" -- the science that investigate the interrelations of all forms of plant and animal life with each other and with their physical habitats.
"Ecocriticism"(or by alternative names , Environmental Criticism and green studies)designates the critical writings that explore the relations between literature and the biological and physical environment, conducted with an acute awareness of the damage
being wrought on that environment by human activities.
• Representation of the natural environment are as old as recorded literature and were prominent in the account of the Garden of Eden in the Hebrew Bible, as well as in the
pastoral form inaugurated by the Greek Theocritus in the third century BC and later
imitated by the Roman poet Virgil - an idealized depiction of rural life, viewed as a
survival of the simplicity , peace, and harmony that had been lost by a complex and urban society.
The nostalgic view if a return to unspoiled nature in order to restore a list simplicity amd Concord remained evident in James Thomson'sThomson's long poem in blank verse. The seasons (1726-30) , and in the widely practiced gente called NATURE WRITING: the intimate, realistic, and detailed description in prose of the author. This literary form was largely initiated in England by Gilbert White's enormously popular Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789) -- his close and affectionate observations of wildlife and the natural setting in a particular area of rural England.
Thanks for sharing me it is really helpful to understand term.☺️
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